一、文獻(xiàn)引用(統(tǒng)一按 APA 格式規(guī)范夾注)
(一)引用基本常識(shí)
1、如引用到某作者的話語或觀點(diǎn)，需在句中或括號(hào)內(nèi)注明該作者姓氏(last name) 。
2、直接引用的，需在直接引用話語部分加雙引號(hào)(quotation marks)，并注明頁碼。
3、在所引用的話語后加括號(hào)(parentheses)需在其后加句號(hào)(period)。
4、中文作者在正文中夾注要求用作者姓氏漢語拼音，按英文 APA規(guī)范夾注。
(二)具體規(guī)范和示例
1、間接引用
A. 引用單一作者的著作的(Single author),可有以下幾種引用方式：
In 1989, Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR
Jorgensen (1989) compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR
Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires (1989). OR
Jorgensen stated, “Formal interviews produced optimal results in several situations” (1989, p. 23).
Smith (2010) surveyed this phenomenon.
A famous survey of this phenomenon (Smith, 2010) showed that....
In 2010, Smith demonstrated that..
B. 引用兩位共同作者著作的(Citing Works by Two Authors)，如用括號(hào)則需在兩作者之間加表示“and”的符號(hào)“(&)”;如無括號(hào)則 用 and.”，如:
According to the study, 25% of people prefer cats over dogs (Smith & Brown, 2004). OR
Smith and Brown (2004) surveyed this phenomenon.
In 1992, Leonard and Trent argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR
Leonard and Trent (1992) argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR
The Arawaks had been living on the island for several thousand years (Leonard & Trent, 1992).
C. 引用文獻(xiàn)為三到五位作者的(Citing Works by Three, Four, or Five Authors.)， 第一次引用的需注明所有作者，接下來再引用的則只需注明第一位作者的姓(surname)并加 “ et al.”表示，注意加句號(hào)(with a period)，如：
• A recent survey (Smith, Brown, & Black, 2005) showed.... [first reference]
• Smith et al. (2005) showed [second reference]
• Bourne et al. (1994) found that this kind of activity “compares favorably to the national level of outdoor recreation” (p. 83).
D. 文獻(xiàn)來源為不同時(shí)期多位作者的，按主要作者姓氏字母順序列出，并用分號(hào)“;”(semicolons)分開，如：
These data are consistent with other studies concerning this topic
(Greenfield, 1990; Patterson, 1997; Smith & Jones, 1992).
Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg &Funk, 1990)
E. 引用團(tuán)體作者(corporate author)的作品，括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體的名稱，如：
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).
F. 引用文獻(xiàn)源自采訪、郵件、電話等觀點(diǎn)或文字的(Personal communication: interviews, letters, e-mails, phone conversations, etc.)屬不可追溯檢索信息，不必在參考文獻(xiàn)中列出，如：
Trent Presto (personal interview, November 5, 2008) found the work rewarding. OR
V. G. Nguyen (E-mail, September 25, 2007) confirmed these statistics stating again that the margin of error was less than 1 percent.
G. 文中引用出現(xiàn)同一姓氏的(Citing Works by Authors Who Have the Same Surname
)，應(yīng)在姓氏前加注其名首字母用以區(qū)分，如：
R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found
J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied.
如為同一姓氏中文作者，APA格式為：(W.Y. Wang, 2003)， (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)
H. 引用無作者文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works with No Author)，如果文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題沒有出現(xiàn)在正文里，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用該標(biāo)題或者(如果標(biāo)題過長的話)使用該標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組(選擇標(biāo)題開始部分的詞組)，如：
•“Survey of Asian Men (2008)....
•…a recent study (Hispanic and Female, 2004)....
I. 引用同一作者同一年不同文獻(xiàn)的(Citing Multiple Works Written in the Same Year by the Same Author)，則需在年份后加(a, b, c)(同參考文獻(xiàn))。對(duì)應(yīng)的Reference List:
Jensen, D. (2009a). A work to be admired. New York, NY: Smith Publishing.
Jensen, D. (2009b). Yet more works to be admired . New York, NY: Smith Publishing.
J. 無出版日期文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works with No Date of Publication)，用“ (n.d.) ”表示，如：
Brown’s study (n.d) showed that kittens are visually pleasing…
K. 無頁碼文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works without Page Numbers)，如引用內(nèi)容來自電子資源的，引用源自某“部分”(..section)或“段落”(para.)序號(hào)加以注明，如：
• (Smith, 2010, para. 5)
• (Brown, 2009, Introduction section, para. 1)
L. 引用來自電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的(Electronic source)，需注明整個(gè)網(wǎng)址：
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive Web site for children (http://kidspsych.org).
M. 引用翻譯文獻(xiàn)
間接引用格式為： (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation)，如 ：
(Laplace, 1814/1951)
直接引用格式為：(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number)，如：
(Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 148)
注：對(duì)應(yīng)的在參考文獻(xiàn)中References其格式為:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator
First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Original work published Year).
References:
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott &
F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
N. 引用文學(xué)作品和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)
(1)在引用劇本時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的幕、場(chǎng)、行，如：
In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23，分別表示第三幕第二場(chǎng)第23行.
這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來自劇本第三幕第二場(chǎng)的21至23行。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。)
