英文摘要的修辭
(1) 摘要中的第一句話不要與文題重復(fù),要有所變化，補(bǔ)充一些細(xì)節(jié)。如文題為：Expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 則摘要第一句話不要寫為To detect the expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 最好改為To detect RACK1 gene over-expressed in primary colon carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.
(2) 可用動(dòng)詞的情況應(yīng)盡量避免應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的名詞形式。如: 應(yīng)當(dāng)用Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was measured. 而不用Measurement of Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was made.
(3) 正確使用冠詞，包括定冠詞the和不定冠詞a或 an;區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是關(guān)鍵。如expression做(基因)表達(dá)用時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞，不能加“s”. 對(duì)可數(shù)名詞盡可能使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(4) 應(yīng)當(dāng)用預(yù)置短語分開或用連字符斷開名詞詞組，避免使用連續(xù)多個(gè)形容詞或名詞來修飾名詞。如用sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, 而不用formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections。
(5) 注意平行結(jié)構(gòu)：在表述各相同的并列成分時(shí)，不論是詞類、詞組、從句或分句，每個(gè)成分都必須對(duì)等。如The purpose of this study was to analyze the new proposed classification and determining which classification was clinically useful. 其中第二個(gè)表語是動(dòng)名詞短語，與第一個(gè)表語不定式短語不一致，不符合平行結(jié)構(gòu)原則。
(6) 比較必須在同類的事物之間進(jìn)行，切忌對(duì)不同類型事物進(jìn)行比較。例如：The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than MSI- phenotype. 此句比較對(duì)象不對(duì)等，應(yīng)改為The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than that of patients with MSI- phenotype.
英文摘要的文體
(1) 要客觀地?cái)⑹龇椒ê徒Y(jié)果, 用詞要質(zhì)樸無華, 避免使用帶感情色彩或廣告式宣傳的詞語。不宜寫類似下列的句子：A very interesting example is found that …; The staining yields excellent results; The method is very useful for … .
(2) 使用正式文體, 不用口語體和非規(guī)范縮寫詞。如isn’t, aren’t, hadn’t, hadn’t, haven’t, don’t, can’t, wouldn’t, a lot of, a bit, too(also), thru(through), exam (examination), lab(laboratory)等。
(3) 造句時(shí)盡量使動(dòng)詞靠近主語。如：用Our results are in contradiction with these observations because 53% of our MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were immunoreactive for CD34. 而不用Our results that 53% of MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were immunoreactive for CD34, are in contradiction with these observations.
(4) 盡量應(yīng)用重要事實(shí)開頭，避免短語或從句開頭。如MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area during acute infection in the present study. 而不用In the present study, during acute infection, MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area.
(5) 摘要只限表示新消息、新內(nèi)容，應(yīng)減少或取消對(duì)過去研究情況的描述，減少或取消不必要的背景信息。摘要也不應(yīng)包括作者對(duì)未來的計(jì)劃，如“有關(guān)XXX方面的研究有待于進(jìn)一步開展”等。
(6) 省略。為避免重復(fù)和縮小摘要的篇幅，科技英語多采用省略的寫法。在并列復(fù)合句里，后面分句如與前面分句相同的部分，往往可以省略。常見的是謂語動(dòng)詞省略，在省略處可用或不用逗號(hào)分開。如，Despite vaccination, one patient developed pneumococcal menigitis and another, pneumococcal bacteremia. 此外，用when, while, if, as, though (although)和whether 等連詞連接的時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步等從句，如其謂語中有be，而且其主語與主句的主語相同或?yàn)閕t時(shí)，從句的主語和be也可以省略。
(7) 避免使用“懸垂分詞”(hanging participle). 使用沒有邏輯主語的分詞短語做狀語，是一種最常見的修辭錯(cuò)誤，例如: Following his advice, the bacteria were stained with thionin. 應(yīng)寫為Following his advice, we stained the bacteria with thionin. 或In accordance with his advice the bacteria were stained with thionin.
(8) 避免是一些含義模糊的形容詞或副詞。如: considerable, appreciable, substantial, very, relatively, comparatively, essentially, duly, somewhat, rather, necessarily, inevitably 等。
(9) 刪繁就簡，應(yīng)當(dāng)用合適的短語代替子句，用合適的單詞代替短語。如: 用increased 代替has been found to increase, 用was代替was considered to be, 用seemingly代替it would seem that, 等等。
